Ice Cream Sundae - 1120 Words

Introduction ATTENTION-GETTER: Can you describe the perfect cure for a blazing hot summer day? Upon hearing the phrase â€Å"so sinfully delicious,† what sensations tend to stir within your body? Throughout America, a common response typically emerges: â€Å"I scream, you scream, we all scream for ice cream!† Introduce Self: Hi, my name is Maria Papadopoulos, and with summer rapidly approaching, there proves no greater treat than indulging in a home-made ice cream sundae. THESIS: In fact, by following three simple steps, one can concoct the perfect ice cream sundae. Main Point One: First of all, one must decide upon a base, a flavor that will accentuate the delightful taste of this treat. Main Point Two: Secondly, the smothering of a rich†¦show more content†¦TRANSITION: Upon pouring a rich sauce over the ice cream base, one can then enjoy embellishing the sundae at the very top. III. As the finishing touches to the creation of an ice cream sundae, an individual must emphasize the extravagance of such a dessert through the application of tasty toppings. A. Part of the beauty of a sundae lies in the notion of its having no restraint, for embellishment options remain practically endless. 1. With its soft, dreamy peaks, whipped cream provides one with a fluffy effect. 2. At the same time, other toppings such as crushed oreos, sprinkles, nuts, and bright red maraschino cherries together complete the perfect ice cream sundae. B. Although it seems as if an ice cream sundae emerges as rather costly with its various toppings and other ingredients, a home-made sundae proves far less expensive than one from an actual ice cream store. 1. I would like you to listen to this figure from a USA Today article in July of 2001. The price of milk fat, which exists as the prime component of ice cream, has increased by nearly seventy percent! 2. Surely, even we can relate to this huge price increase here in Champaign-Urbana, for a cup of plain ice cream smaller than the size of my palm costs around two dollars at the Union. 3. For this very reason, it actually proves wise to create an ice cream sundae to one’s own liking atShow MoreRelatedHistory Of Ice Cream As Cream1614 Words   |  7 PagesHistory of Ice – Cream Ice-cream has a very long history about its origin and manufacturing in the international market. Ice-cream, way back in 1670, a sicilian, named Francisco Procopius, opened a cafe in Paris (France) and began to sell ice s squashes and this is how the life of ice cream began. Than the innovative changes market was came to existence. They came directly with deep freezers. In early times, the ice cream were practically frozen drawn off into packages and frozen solid or hardenedRead MoreLegal Form Of Ownership : Sundae Magic, Llc Essay1575 Words   |  7 PagesB2. Legal Form of Ownership: Sundae Magic, LLC, will be classified as a Limited Liability Company (LLC) due to the personal asset protection and federal taxing procedure this designation provides to its managing members. We will chose to be taxed as a disregarded entity during the start-up phase and will reevaluate this option, considering a corporate tax status, after the business has completed two years of operations. The managing members will consist of myself, Luz Kanwar with a 60% interestRead MoreEssay about The Things that Money Can and Cannot Buy1589 Words   |  7 Pagescosts about 600 dollars a pound and 50 dollars per cup. With money, people can enjoy the most expensive coffee in the world. The Grand Opulence sundae from Serendipity is the most expansive sundae in the world. The sundae is made of scoops of the richest Tahitian vanilla bean ice cream mixed with Madagascar vanilla and covered in 23K edible gold. The sundae is also sprinkled with the worlds most expensive chocolate, Amedei Porceleana, a nd covered with pieces of rare Chuao chocolate, which is fromRead MoreThe History Of Ice Cream1588 Words   |  7 Pages July 30, 2017 The history of ice cream Ice cream is the most popular dessert in the world. People from different places have their own myths about who invented the ice cream. It is hard to tell where or when exactly it was discovered because there is not a lot of evidence. Some people say the ancient Romans invented ice cream, others says that Marco Polo brought the discovery back to Italy from China. We most likely will never know who first discovered ice-cream or where but it is obvious thatRead MoreWalls Business Strategy757 Words   |  4 PagesProduct Walls ice cream in Malaysia has a wide range of product but first of all the products that are famous and well known as well as good selling in Malaysia are Cornetto, magnum and Paddle Pop. Price WALL’s Mini Magnum, Mini Cornetto (Vanilla and Chocolate Vanilla mix pack) and Mini Hazelnut. The mini ice cream snacks will be available in exciting multipacks of six pieces for Mini Magnum, 12 pieces for Mini Cornetto and 10 pieces Mini Hazelnutfor the buying pleasure of Malaysian consumersRead MoreBaskin Robbins1473 Words   |  6 Pagesbrand awareness * Never-ending focus on fun combined with their commitment to innovation and a quality customer experience is important when you are considering investing in a business * More than 1000 flavours of ice-cream in the library include low fat and no sugar ice-cream * Provide several services for different age groups WEAKNESS * Expensive compared to competitors prices OPPORTUNITIES * Market for expansion * Can push sales to hotels and resorts in the nearby localities Read MoreMagnolia Ice Cream1098 Words   |  5 Pages[pic] This is the Magnolia Ice Cream Plant. It is the cornerstone of Magnolia’s legacy in making the finest ice cream in Philippine history†¦ A symbol of Magnolia’s commitment to provide families with products and services of superior quality and excellent taste†¦ A showcase of the best equipment and technology in ice cream production... Home to highly-driven individuals dedicated to continue making Magnolia Ice Cream a world class name and an integral part of the Filipino’s richRead MoreAnalysis Of Nell Guthrie Sat On The Town Dock With Her Beau Essay1729 Words   |  7 Pagesnickname from primary school. The last fingers of light glowed from the sunset, fading into a deep cobalt blue. Asa stretched luxuriously. â€Å"May I interest you in a hot fudge sundae?† â€Å"I’d love one, but I believe the drug store is closed.† â€Å"I happen to have a set of keys.† Giggling, she answered, â€Å"In that case, I would love a sundae.† They walked arm and arm down the dock, but when they got to shore, Nell said, â€Å"Oh, Asa, we forgot your blanket.† Using a strong, powerful gait, he strode down to theRead MoreBen And Jerry s Inc.1269 Words   |  6 Pagessuper-premium ice cream, frozen yogurt and sorbet, was founded in 1978 in a renovated gas station in Burlington, Vermont. The company was originally started by two childhood friends Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield –hence the name Ben and Jerry. They started up their small ice cream shop with a modest $12,000 investment. Ben and Jerry’s is now a leading ice cream manufacturing company known worldwide for its innovative flavors and premium all-natural ingredients made from fresh Vermont milk and cream. MrRead MoreThe North Inn Bar Was A Sleepy Little Place1059 Words   |  5 Pagesinside, and she couldn t help but smirk slightly. Lifting a single fry with her pale slender fingers, she popped it into her mouth then stared at the front door . The thought of heading next-door crossed her mind. A double chocolate peanut-butter sundae before a hunt did sound rather delicious then to top if off with a bit of gore would be a perfect night. Flagging the waitress down, Cassie dropped a twenty onto the table then rose from her seat. Across the floor she went with her hips swaying in

Pleas of a Desperate Queen - 1104 Words

The Ancient Egyptians were a civilization of great creativity and expression, but also a civilization with a very strict position on tradition, and I found them absolutely fascinating. When learning about King Tutankhamen’s mysterious legacy, I was very intrigued by the pleas that Tutankhamen’s wife Ankhesenamun wrote to the king of the Hittites after her husband’s premature death. Her letters were desperate and emotional and very powerful to read and definitely gives its readers, whether they’re students or historians, a real sense of mystery and that the queen knew more than what she was willing to say. Egypt was known for its long line of powerful kings, each wanting to prove themselves more powerful than their predecessors, and the†¦show more content†¦Undoubtedly, I can very much sympathize with the queen and her feelings at the time she wrote her letters to the king. She lost her husband and essentially stable control of her empire in a ver y short amount of time. She had no biological heir and in any situation, is going to be forced to marry someone who not of Egyptian royal blood, which to her I’m sure was a painful thing to have to think of. But through these letters I sense more panic than grief. I sense a kind of fear and frantic undertone to the messages. I cannot imagine the sudden and unexpected death of her husband left her without questions, there is probably many more dark details related to King Tutankhamen’s death that she knew that the people of our day will never know. I believe that her pleas to the Hittite king were genuine and true, and that she’d rather marry royalty from another country than be forced to marry someone socially beneath her just to have a new man assuming the throne. Through reading this document and learning about the traditions and concepts of Egyptian culture, I honestly have a better understanding of the formations of strict monarchies over history and the way that the Egyptian monarchy worked and how important tradition and cultural values were to their intensely strong society. I got a fee l for the strengths and personality that Queen Ankhesenamun had and that she was deeplyShow MoreRelatedAct 2 Scene 4 Of Henry Viii1238 Words   |  5 PagesKing, and the Queen. From Katherine’s entrance, the tone of her obedient and dutiful nature is set before she even speaks. While Henry responds to the Crier’s call by saying â€Å"Here† (4.2.8), Katherine makes no response: â€Å"The Queen makes no answer, but rises out of her chair, goes about the court, comes to the King, and kneels at his feet.† (4.2.10). Even when faced with divorce, Katherine conforms to the role of the dutiful wife gracefully. When she begins to speak, Katherine pleas with desperationRead MoreThe Tragic Downfall Of Oedipus The King By Sophocles924 Words   |  4 Pageshears rumors that King Polybus and Queen Merope are not his biological parents . Because of these suspicions, Oedipus sought an oracle in hopes of discovering the truth about his upbringing. Instead, he is given a prophecy that he would one day murder his father and marry his own mother. Oedipus’ hubris is introduced here as he believes that he can challenge the fate that was foretold. Fearing that the prophecy would come true, Oedipus makes his first desperate attempt to avoid fate by leaving theRead More An Analysis of On Sitting Down To Read King Lear Once Again Essay1144 Words   |  5 Pageswith serene lute!/ Fair plumed Syren Queen of far-away!/ Leave melodizing on this wintry day,/ Shut up thine olden pages and be mute. (Lines 1 - 4). Keats here is shutting out the idyllic romantic notions he cannot at this time cling to due to the ever present spectre of death that hangs above him. Keats forsakes the romantic here leaning instead toward the tragic, which is what he perceives his short life to be. In these opening lines Keats seems to be a despe rate, and morose storyteller who forbidsRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet Essay936 Words   |  4 PagesClaudius had seduced Gertrude, and how the two of them had arranged for his murder, while claiming that a serpent had injected poison. Hamlet was appalled at this revelation. But he was even more shaken when the ghost made a desperate plea , and ordered Hamlet to kill Claudius, but Gertrude must be spared. Hamlet swore Horatio to secrecy concerning the ghost and continued for the next few days to fret on what he must do. Filled with anger toward both his motherRead MoreBritish And Chinese Trade Of Opium Into China Caused The Corruption And Eventual Downfall Of The Qing Dynasty1730 Words   |  7 Pagessent to Queen Victoria. This letter was written by Commissioner Lin, a statesman, in 1839, in which he attempted to appeal to Queen Victoria’s ethical responsibilities. Lin was one of the key reasons as to why the First Opium War started, as he attempted to keep British opium out of China by damaging British products. This letter was a few days before that event, its purpose was to privately resolve the dispute of the British and Chinese trade of opium. Lin attempted to persuade Queen VictoriaRead MoreGiovanni Franesco Straparola‘s Fairy Tale, The Pig King, A Case in Consequentialism1493 Words   |  6 Pages The Pig King begins by introducing King Galeotto of Anglia and his queen Ersilia. Though the two are described as wise and fair rulers, the hapless couple has been unable to conceive a child up to this point in their reign. Everything changes when three fairies each cast a spell on the queen, giving her the opportunity to be with child, but not without a caveat. When the birth of their child arrives, the king and queen are shocked to see that their son is in the form of a pig. Despite theirRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1152 Words   |  5 PagesMontague duel viciously in the streets. As citizens cheer, thirsty for blood, the cries of Romeo Montague increase in volume; for the sake of his new wife, and the penalty recently imposed, he does not want this fight to take place. He is ignored. Desperate, Romeo flings himself between the two men, and a gasp is heard—Tybalt and his companions flee in fear as a bleeding Mercutio sinks to the ground. Another frien d, Benvolio Montague, takes him to a safe house after Mercutio shouts his famous finalRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream1404 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"ridiculous†, this romantic comedy has been successful in the theater from its first production to the present day† (Worthen 186). Shakespeare lived during the Elizabethan age, and during this era, learning and literature were thriving in London under Queen Elizabeth’s rule (The Elizabethan Age). The culture and conventions of Shakespeare’s time surface through his choice of characterization and plot. For example, many of the characters in the play distinctly represent English craftsperson’s whose namesRead MoreThe Central Concerns of the Antony and Cleopatra by William Shakespeare1427 Words   |  6 PagesFulvia, dies and Octavius Caesar and Lepidus request that he joins them to deal with the threat of Pompey. When Antony becomes aware of Pompey’s threat and Fulvia’s death, he realises that he needs to free himself from the â€Å"enchanting queen† (1.2.125) or risk wasting away â€Å"in dotage† (1.2.114) (Branco, 2003). Antony goes to tell Cleopatra that he will be leaving Egypt. The extract given refers to the discussion that occurs between Cleopatra and Antony as he informs herRead MorePortia, The Merchant Of Venice1514 Words   |  7 Pagesoutside if the context of her speech, would have made any Elizabethan man uncomfortable. â€Å"†¦But now I was the lord of this fair mansion, master if my servants, Queen o’er myself†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Portia was not the ‘lady’ of the household but its ‘lord’, not the servant ‘mistress’ but their ‘master’. Though Portia breaks the pattern by calling herself ‘queen’ as opposed to ‘king’. The image that she paints has connotations of masculine control and dominance. The archetype of the feminine caregiver is entirely absent

Positive Psychology and Depression Free Essays

string(84) " expect the best possible outcome in any given situation \(Merriam-Webster, 2012\)\." Positive Psychology in the Treatment of Major Depression Positive psychology is a strengths-oriented, positively focused approach to human behaviors and thoughts that is relatively recent to the overall field of psychology. Previous schools of thought had always focused on the abnormalities, weaknesses, and pathologies of people. Positive psychology is an exceptionally new branch of psychology and aims at making life more fulfilling, enjoyable, and happy instead of just tolerable; they wish to promote mental health and well-being instead of only treating disorders. We will write a custom essay sample on Positive Psychology and Depression or any similar topic only for you Order Now This research paper will address the roles that hope, gratitude, forgiveness, resilience, optimism, and self-efficacy play in one’s life, and how these characteristics can be utilized in a way to maximize one’s positive affect. One of the most common mood disorders is depression. Depression comes in many forms and there are also different depressive disorders such as major depression, bipolar disorder, and dysthymic disorder. (NIMH, 2009) For the sake of this paper, major depression will be examined. Related article: Approaches to Promoting Wellbeing Symptoms of a major depressive episode include feelings of sadness or unhappiness, irritability or frustration, loss of interest or pleasure in normal activities, reduced sex drive, insomnia or excessive sleeping, changes in appetite, agitation or restlessness, angry outbursts, slowed thinking or speaking, fatigue, tiredness, loss of energy, trouble thinking or concentrating, frequent thoughts of death or dying including suicide, crying spells for no apparent reason, and unexplained physical problems such as pain (Mayo Clinic, 2012). One does not have to have every one of these symptoms, they must have at least five symptoms, they must persist for at least two weeks, symptoms cannot be caused due to drug or alcohol consumption, are not caused by bereavement or last longer than two months, and they must cause a significant amount of impairment in the person’s everyday life functioning (DSM-IV-TR, 2000). Major depressive disorder has a lifetime prevalence rate of 11. 2 percent in young adults with 3. 3 percent of those cases deemed severe, and a twelve month prevalence rate of 6. percent in adults with 30. 4 percent of those cases diagnosed as severe. People ages eighteen to twenty-nine are seventy percent more likely to have experienced depression compared to those over the age of sixty, people between thirty to forty-four years old were 120 percent more likely, and forty-five to fifty-nine year olds were 100 percent more likely. Women are seventy percent more likely than their male counterparts to experien ce depression during their lifetime and whites are forty percent more likely than blacks to experience depression. Compared to 2 percent or less for most other disorders, major depression is quite common. (NIMH, 2009) Positive psychology interventions in cases of major depression focus on increasing positive emotions, positive experiences, subjective well-being, and beneficial engagements. This differs from traditional interventions by not focusing on the depressive, negative symptoms and instead trying to focus on the good aspects of one’s life. Positive psychologists do not ignore the fact that mental illnesses are abnormal and the fact that things do go wrong in peoples’ lives. Instead, they want to take a closer look at the good things that happen in peoples’ lives and what makes and keeps people content or happy. In one study, conducted by Seligman et al, positive psychotherapy exercises delivered through the internet were shown to relieve the symptoms of depression for a minimum of six months whereas traditional treatments lasted less than one week. In subjects suffering from severe depression, reduction in mild-to-moderate depressive symptoms was observed. It was also observed that subjects who had been suffering from major depressive disorder and underwent positive psychotherapy had a higher reduction in symptoms than those who underwent traditional treatments and those who underwent traditional treatments combined with medications. The hypothesis of this study stated that â€Å"depression can be treated effectively not only by reducing its negative symptoms, but also by directly and primarily building positive emotions, character strengths, and meaning. It is possible that directly building these positive resources may also buffer against their future reoccurrence. (Seligman et, al. , 2006) Logically, major depression would be well treated when using a positive psychology oriented approach. People who suffer from depression experience anhedonia – an inability to experience pleasure in activities which it is usually produced. They lack positive affect, show a lack of engagement in meaningful activities, lack of feeling of purp ose, and lack of feeling of meaning. These people no longer find any interest in things such as sex, food, bonding with friends, favorite past times, and work. (Brynie, 2009) A study by Barnaby D. Dunn, published in July of 2012 also found that people suffering from depression also do not experience anticipation or recognize positive emotions the way those unaffected do. (Dunn, 2012) The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines anticipation as â€Å"1: b. the act of looking forward; especially: pleasurable expectation. 2: a mental attitude that influences a later response. †(Merriam-Webster, 2012) From this, it is understood that people suffering from depression, and therefore anhedonia, not only miss out on the pleasure normally experienced during enjoyable activities, they also do not even look forward to any of these pleasurable activities. It is as if they do not see the possibility of an experience producing positive outcomes. Positive psychology, on the other hand, is primarily focused on creating and building-upon positive emotions, helping people find meaning in their everyday lives, and promoting an overall increase in mental health. Positive psychology has its roots in self-efficacy, optimism, and hope. Self-efficacy is the belief that you have the skills and self-control necessary to achieve the goals you set for yourself. This is a learned way of thinking, predicted by previous successes, observing others with high levels of self-efficacy, the ability to imagine oneself achieving a successful outcome, verbal persuasion by other strong and trustworthy individuals, and ability to control negative emotions. Optimism is a person’s tendency to look at a situation from the best possible point of view, or too expect the best possible outcome in any given situation (Merriam-Webster, 2012). You read "Positive Psychology and Depression" in category "Essay examples" Optimism can be predicted by a childhood environment which provided safety, coherence, secure attachments, and there is also a genetic component to optimism. Television, however, is one of the main culprits in promoting pessimism – the opposite of optimism. The final main building block of positive psychology is hope. Hope is the combination of the belief that one can reach his or her goals and has the ability to find alternate routes to these goals should they be presented with adversity. (Snyder, 2011) Key steps and aspects of combating major depression with positive psychology were outlined by Seligman, Rashid, and Parks in their 2006 article. Since depression is associated with a lack of positive realizations in one’s life, clients were asked to take steps to help them recognize their signature strengths, ways to utilize these signature strengths, good things that happen to them every day, things and people in their lives that they are thankful for, and also to forgive others and themselves for past transgressions. To help clients recognize their signature strengths as well as help them to see the way they view themselves, clients were instructed to write stories describing what they believe to be their character strengths. The client and therapist discuss how apathy and the absence of positive emotions do nothing but maintain the cycle of depressive episodes. Next, clients were instructed to take the VIA-IS strengths finding questionnaire and then use those results in an assignment stating how they could best utilize their strengths to improve their everyday lives. Afterwards, clients were to recall past situations in which they have successfully used their identified strengths to their advantage. Pleasure, engagement, and meaning as pathways to happiness are discussed during the client’s session and their role in overcoming depression is outlined. All of these steps help lead to the realization of the client that they have strengths that are unique to themselves, they have control over situations that happen to them, and they are not helpless. (Seligman, 2006) The next set of steps focuses mainly on engagement. Clients were asked to keep Blessings Journals in which they recorded at least three good things which happened to them each day. They are also encouraged to write about three bad things that have happened to them and to go into depth about their emotions surrounding these events and how the events influenced their depression. The therapist will inform the client of the ways in which retaining negative feelings such as anger and bitterness can compound the effects of depression and prevent recovery. Clients were encouraged to talk about negative experiences and vent about these experiences rather than ruminate on them. Clients were then to write at least one forgiveness letter. They describe an incident with a wrong-doing, the emotions experienced along with the event, and they also promise to forgive to transgressor; even if it was himself or herself. Seligman et al, 2006) Forgiveness is a freeing from a negative attachment to the source that has transgressed against a person. There is less desire to avoid the person or seek revenge, and an increase in positive feelings or actions towards the individual. There is a realistic assessment of the harm done, an acknowledgement of the perpetrator’s responsibility, a cancelation of debt between the victim and perpetrator, and then a self-removal from the category of victim. Forgiveness is important in a person’s life because it helps to break the cycle of violence when one person is harmed and seeks revenge and then the initial transgressor seeks revenge as well which initiates and maintains said cycle of violence. When a person displays a willingness to forgive others, it is not only beneficial to that person, but also to all of the people surrounding said incident. It produces positive feelings as well as an inclination to also be forgiving in future situations. This is a form of positive role modeling between peers. Snyder, 2011) Another important step is expressing gratitude. Clients are encouraged to express their gratitude to someone they never properly or fully thanked either in person, through a letter, or via telephone conversation. (Miller, 2008) One way gratitude is experienced is when another individual acts in a way that is costly to himself or herself, provides value to the recipient, and was done intentionally. Another way gratitud e can be experienced is when someone survives a catastrophic event, a threat to his or her health, or a dangerous situation. Gratitude is a highly valued character trait in many cultures due to its beneficial nature and tendency to increase a person’s tendency to perform altruistic tasks. Those who are high in gratitude are generally less concerned with material goods, more spiritual, more satisfied with life, and more empathetic. (Snyder, 2011) Using the concept of primary prevention, psychologists can help their clients to prevent depressive symptoms from occurring in the first place, or lessen the severity of depressive symptoms during the next depressive episode. Some positive psychology interventions in Seligman, Rashid, and Parks’ 2006 study that dealt with primary prevention were being more physically active, socializing with more people or more often with people who were already friends, engaging in meaningful work such as volunteering and helping the less fortunate, bonding more with loved ones and forming deeper connections, lowering expectations of oneself and others, and making one’s own happiness a priority. In the same study, Seligman and his fellow researchers randomly assigned six hundred volunteers to one of six intervention activities online. Five of these activities were from a more positive psychology focused list of exercises, and one was a placebo. The placebo exercise required participants to write down their earliest memories every night for a week which had only temporary effects on that group. The volunteers assigned to groups 1, 2, and 4 showed pointedly lower depressive symptoms and much higher levels of happiness when compared to the lacebo and two other control-like groups. The volunteers in the successful group also had result which lasted at least six months whereas the people in the other groups had either no results, or results that were only fleeting. (Seligman et al, 2006) Group 1 was required to take the VIA-IS strengths questionnaire and then considers ways in which they could utilize their results to help them in their everyday lives. Group 2 had to write down a t least three good things that had happened to them that day and why they thought these things had happened to them. Group 4 had to conduct a gratitude visit, much like the one previously mentioned, in which they composed a letter of thanks to someone who had positively impacted their life in some way, shape, or form but they had never fully thanked and then read said letter either in person or over the phone. The two control-like groups’ assignments were to take a strengths test questionnaire alone, or to write an essay about themselves in a moment when they were at their best. Seligman et al, 2006) These last findings show that the positive psychology activities used in the Seligman et al study can also be used as a form of secondary prevention. Secondary prevention addresses a problem after it has already appeared; just as these online participants were already showing signs of extreme depression. After participating in the three blessings per day exercise their depression scores went down showing that this exercise not only could help prevent depressive episode as previously shown, it co uld also lessen a depressive episode that had already begun. As a spin-off from this study a website, www. reflectivehappiness. com was created. This was a social website community centered on positive psychology. New exercises and interventions were posted each month, a book club was formed, a newsletter was published and sent out, and a discussion board dedicated to positive psychology. During the first month of operations, it was found that fifty of the site’s subscribers who took pretests for the Center for Epidemiological Studies – Depression Scale, scored in the range that would qualify as extremely depressed. After completing the exercise involving recording three blessings each day for two weeks, the average score for this group of people dropped from 33. 9, to 16. 9. This showed that ninety-four percent of these people were less depressed and fell from the extremely depressed range to the mildly to moderately depressed range. This website is no longer functioning the same way, it has moved to a mobile network which only works on iPhones and now runs under the URL www. happiness. com. Another important part of positive psychology and the ability of a person to remain positive, optimistic, and hopeful is resiliency. Resilience is the ability to bounce back from adversity and to successfully adapt to the demands of stressful situations (Tugade et al, 2004). People who are seen as resilient are more likely to be described as self-efficacious, confident, and determined and can also be expected to generate a more positive self-talk, boost their self-image, and promote self-agency (Mak et al, 2011). All of these characteristics are those of someone with a very positive outlook on life as well as a positive view of themselves. These people show a much lower susceptibility to mental disorders and behavioral problems such as depression, anxiety, violence, and substance abuse (Lillehoj et al, 2004). People who are more resilient also show more optimism and a higher level of hope when thinking about the future. The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions suggests that â€Å"positive emotions expand what an individual feels like doing at any given time. †(Snyder, 2011) This is referred to by Fredrickson as a broadening of one’s thought-action repertoire. Emotions such as joy, interest, contentment, pride, and love all have the ability to expand you potential action options. Joy can create more creative, playful behaviors while interest creates the desire to explore, expand, and experience new things. One of the most important in positive psychology is pride. Pride creates the desire to share good news and envision oneself doing even bigger and better things. The opposite happens in any life threatening situation; your thought-action choices narrow to provide a smaller list of options to try to conduct a speedy, potentially life-saving choice. Frederickson, 2001) This research proves that when a person is feeling depressed and are lacking the positive emotions described above, they do not have an expanded thought-action repertoire and therefore do not see all of the possible paths to their goals which, in turn, leads to feelings of hopelessness and a lack of self-efficacy. Other health benefits of promoting positive emotions are incre ased laughter, decreased heart disease, increased longevity, positive emotional disclosure, and overall increased psychological health. Laughter has been proven to be a cyclical cause and effect of positive emotions which in turn improves immune system functioning, and help maintain a stable positive emotional state. Elderly people who had been hospitalized for an incident involving heart disease and kept up a positive attitude had a much lower readmission rate than those who displayed a negative outlook. Also, people who tend to be more positive throughout their lives, participate in emotional disclosure, and upholding an optimistic and hopeful outlook have a propensity to live longer than those who did not. Positive emotions and an expanded thought-action repertoire not only help people emotionally avoid depression, they also help people to be more physically active and thus further avoid depressive symptoms. The reasons why exercise helps to alleviate depressive symptoms is not completely understood, but it is believed to happen on a few different levels. First of all, exercise is thought to release beneficial neurotransmitters and endorphins which are essentially ‘feel good’ chemicals for your brain and body. These chemicals are thought to activate the opioid receptors in the brain creating feelings of happiness and optimism. Another way exercise is thought to help create positive emotions in those who exercise is by lowering certain chemicals released by the immune system which can also prolong depressive feelings. Finally, exercise increases body temperature which is thought to have a calming effect on individuals. The more direct, less scientific ways that exercise can help people avoid depression are by acting as a distraction from everyday life and taking a person’s mind off of things, increasing social interactions and therefore increasing positive interactions, and improving physical appearance and thus increasing confidence. Mayo Clinic, 2011) A study also found that speed walking for thirty five minutes per day for five days each week, or sixty minutes per day three times each week had a significant effect on decreasing depression. (Harvard Medical School, 2009) All in all, having a positive outlook on life can be beneficial to one’s life in countless ways. The study of positive psy chology helps people to take steps towards developing better skills to take advantage of their ability to think positively, act positively, and avoid or decrease their depression. Through a few very simple steps, such as gratitude letters, blessings journal keeping, and skills and strengths assessments, one can increase their sense of self efficacy, increase resilience, increase their sense of hope, and by doing this decrease major depressive symptoms. Works Cited: American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed. , text rev. ). Washington, DC: Author. Anticipation. 2012. In Merriam-Webster. com. Retrieved November 26, 2012, from http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/anticipation Brynie, F. (2009). Depression and Anhedonia. Brain Sense. December 2009. Dunn, B. D. (2012). Helping Depressed Clients Reconnect to Positive Emotion Experience: Current Insights and Future Directions. Clinical Psychology Psychotherapy, 19(4), 326-340. Frederickson, B. (2001). The Role of Positive Emotions in Positive Psychology: The Broaden-and-Build Theory of Positive Emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218-226. Harvard Medical School. (2009). Exercise and Depression. Retrieved from http://www. health. harvard. edu/newsweek/Exercise-and-Depression-report-excerpt. tm Lillehoj, C. , Trudeau, L. , Spoth, R. , Wickrama, K. (2004). Internalizing, social competence, and substance initiation: influence of gender moderation and a preventive intervention. Substance Use Misuse, 39(6), 963-991. Mak, W. S. , Ng, I. W. , Wong, C. Y. (2011). Resilience: Enhancing well-being through the positive cognitive triad. Journal Of Counseling Psychology, 58(4), 610-617. doi:10. 1037/a0025195 Mayo C linic staff. (2011, October 1). Depression and Anxiety: Exercise eases symptoms. Retrieved from http://www. mayoclinic. om/health/depression-and-exercise/MH00043 Mayo Clinic staff. (2012, February 12). Symptoms. Depression (major depression). Retrieved from http://www. mayoclinic. com/health/depression/DS00175/DSECTION=symptoms Miller, M. (2008, June 16). Positive Psychology Techniques for Depression. Retrieved from http://health. gather. com/viewArticle. action? articleId=281474977374787 National Institute of Mental Health. (2009). Major Depressive Order Among Adults. (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office. Optimism. 2012. In Merriam-Webster. com. Retrieved November 26, 2012, from http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/optimism Seligman, M. , Rashid, T. , Parks, A. (2006). Positive Psychotherapy. American Psychologist. November 2006, 774 – 788. Snyder, C. (2011). Positive psychology : the scientific and practical explorations of human strengths. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE. Tugade, M. Frederickson, B. 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The Volkswagen Emissions Scandal

Question: Discuss about the The Volkswagen Emissions Scandal . Answer: Introduction: Compliance Management System (CMS) defines the structure that is followed in the corporation to deal with the business related risks. The management team of the organization focuses on including ethical norms for managing the compliance system effectively. Active participation of stakeholders assists in facilitating the compliance process of the firm. The involvement of Compliance Management System (CMS) assists the corporation to make the employees aware of their compliance responsibilities (Denis, 2015). It focuses on fulfilling all the requirements in order to facilitate the business outcome. CMS assists to reduce the risk related to the launch of new products in the firm. The compliance system also considers the enactment of new legislations for progressing the business operation in current market scenario. CMS comprises of three elements such as compliance program, oversight of board and management and compliance audit and strong connection between these elements enables the ent erprise to facilitate the business operation (Crane Matten, 2016). Volkswagen, a renowned conglomerate has also considered the compliance system for managing the performance of the employees in the office ambiance. The inclusion of compliance audit is effective for including laws regarding the protection of consumers. It benefits the firm to facilitate the internal business function for dissolving the risks faced by them in the business operation (Volkswagenag.com, 2017). The managers of Volkswagen have considered some compliance behavior that is beneficial for achieving success in the business outcome. Despite the presence of compliance process, the corporation has faced certain issues regarding in controlling the mission of chemical that affects the ecological balance. The aim of the paper is to address the reasons behind the failure of compliance managers of Volkswagen to deal with the problem. Issues faced in the scandal is discussed in this context. Background of the company: Volkswagen is founded by labor front of German in the year of 1937. The company has its head office in Wolfsburg , and it is considered as one of the leading conglomerates in the world. The automobile industry of German is renowned for manufacturing luxurious and commercial vehicles (Oxford Law Faculty, 2016). However, the economic condition of the common people was not stable, and they could hardly purchase any motorcycle as a vehicle in the ancient time. Therefore, the managers of Volkswagen has introduced peoples car projects for drawing the interest of layman living in the country. The designers of Volkswagen launched small car named Volksauto which is suitable for drawing the interest of middle car service users. The car manufacturing firm has started flourishing its business from the year of 1948. Volkswagen introduced Type 2 commercial vehicles and different sports cars called Karmann Ghia that influences their business operation effectively. The company has also expanded their business function in the United States in the year of 1955. The manufacturing of Type 1 of Volkswagen Beetle has enhanced up to 1 million due to the exploration of the business function in the year of 1955. Type 3 models of Volkswagen have included cars like Karmann Ghia or fastback, and these models have been launched in the year of 1961 (Volkswagenag.com, 2017). The incorporation of monocoque construction, automatic transmission or fuel injection makes the cars of type 4 model attractive and notable. Volkswagen introduces Super beetle cars in the year of 1971, and it offers space for carrying front luggage. The car manufacturing firm has also introduced models like Type 181 or 266 during the time period of 1961-1973. The expansion of Volkswagens product line assists in launching cars like Volkswagen Golf, Caddy or Volkswagen Jetta in the time of 1980s. The company has introduced Golf MK3, Concept One, Scirocco and other fuel efficient cars in the time period of 1991-1999. The arrival of new CEO in Volkswagen group has assisted in introducing a wide range of new models in the market. Car models like Volkswagen Routan and Atlas have been launched by Volkswagen in recent time (Volkswagenag.com, 2017). There are 120 production plants of Volkswagen in twenty countries all around the world. Volkswagen has 600,000 staffs in different plants, and the active participation of the employees enables the firm to enhance the quality of car products. Volkswagen groups offer development programs for enhancing the growth of employees working in various plants. The research and development sector of the conglomerate uses sustainable technology for offering eco-friendly cars to the customers. The involvement of innovative ideas is effective for availing high-quality technical equipment in order to improve the functioning of the car products. Sustainable development supports Volkswagen to manage their resources without polluting the environment (Ihlen, 2014). The CSR activities of the corporation assists to keep a balance between ecosystem and business process. The accumulation of modern engines aids the conglomerate to progress their profit and sales ratio. Therefore, revenue sales of Volkswagen have increased by 14% in the year of 2016. The share market value of Volkswagen is increased up to 146.85 euro in a recent financial year. Reasons behind the failure of compliance management of Volkswagen: The structure of the compliance management system of Volkswagen: The compliance management system of Volkswagen assists the firm to manage fair trade with business partners. The company makes certain business commitments which are beneficial for accomplishing the internal requirements. The compliance system helps Volkswagen to deal with the corruption that affects the business operation. The higher management level of the conglomerate considers the compliance activities to achieve sustainability in the business function (Sadgrove, 2016). The managers of Volkswagen endeavor to make the staffs knowledgeable about the compliance process in order to take proper service from them. The implementation of compliance program enables the company to deal with the illegal activities in the business operation. The compliance management system of Volkswagen possesses certain distinct features which are effective for managing the business risks faced by the corporation. The adaptation of the preventive approach of compliance supports the firm to facilitate the participation of the workers in the work area (Volkswagenag.com, 2017). The corporate culture of Volkswagen is beneficial for increasing the involvement of the employees in the office ambiance. Regular monitoring of the compliance system assists in resisting unscrupulous activities in the organization (Weiss, 2014). Volkswagen follows an integrated approach to risk management that enables the corporation to prevent the risks faced in the business function. There are certain business principles that are followed by the firm to manage the internal business function effectively. The development of the internal function enables Volkswagen to offer high-quality vehicles to the services users existing in the global market. The inclusion of l uxurious transports assists the corporation to enhance their sales operation ion recent time (Volkswagenag.com, 2017). Partnership working has also enabled the conglomerate to offer high-quality cars to the customers. Despite the availability of high-quality compliance process, Volkswagen faces emission related issues in recent time. It creates a negative impact on the business operation of the corporation. The emission scandal confronted by Volkswagen has also affected their joint work with other firms. The analysis of eminent scholars helps in addressing the fact that Volkswagens cars create additional pollution that affects the environment. It increases the ratio of respiratory-connected illness among the children and the young population living in the society (Hopkin, 2017). The reason behind the illegal activities of Volkswagen is unclear, and it has affected their business operation drastically. However, the company has blamed some engineers for the emission scandal faced by them. The technical theory of rouge can be mentioned in this context. The theory assists in identifying the technical work of the engineers that are effective for improving the quality of service provided in the enterprise (Ferrell, 2015). The roles and responsibilities of the engineers have also been mentioned in this theory. The engineers need to make technical reports for addressing the development of the business operation. The knowledge of senior management regarding the functioning of the vehicles mig ht have supported in controlling the emission of chemical products that influences the environment in an adverse manner. The warning signs would have assisted in reducing the chances of emission by the cars. The theory of management inaction can be mentioned in this context. It assists in addressing the failure of management in case of improving the business function (Oxford Law Faculty, 2016). Despite the confusion regarding the actual reason behind emission scandal made by Volkswagen, it is observed that the idea of cost saving leads the managers of Volkswagen to avail unscrupulous ways to pass the EPAs tests. It is noticed that the competitive firms of Volkswagen such as BMW or Mercedes include expensive technology for clearing diesel (Dawson, 2014). VW should have made a license for using the technology from rival firms in order to reduce the consumption of fuel by $4.8 bn in recent time. The presence of efficient risk management process makes the corporation assume that they would be able to overcome the difficulties faced due to their illegal business operation. The presence of the compliance management system supports in managing the internal business operation (Cavico Mujtaba, 2016). However, compliance process of Volkswagen has failed in controlling the emission of gasses that affects the ecological balance. Several issues have been confronted by Volkswagen due to the presence of emission scandal. These issues reduce Volkswagens scope of expanding business and sales operation. Analysis of the issues related to emission scandal faced by Volkswagen: Volkswagen manufactures its diesel cars in a specific manner for escaping the emission test successfully. The method followed by the conglomerate for deceiving the test has shocked the nation. Volkswagen avails advent technology for cleansing the emission of Nitrous Oxide sets trade-off against the economy of fuel and business performance. The engineers of Volkswagen decide to include two distinct modes of driving in the software system of the car (Grimm, Hofstetter, Sarkis, 2016). One mode is considered as the best behavior, and it supports in fulfilling the requirements related to the emission of Nitrous Oxide. Another mode is effective for dealing with other situations confronted by the enterprise. The implementation of the smart system enables these cars to achieve the demands of the test done by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). It assists Volkswagens cars to behave properly during the time of the test. The recent scenario has supported in understanding the fact that thes e cars release a large quantity of Nitrous Oxide in normal situations (Oxford Law Faculty, 2016). The ratio of emission is 40 times higher than the test situations. The process has also been accepted by other car manufacturing companies to pass the EPA test without facing any trouble. It leads to effect the function of around 11 million vehicles existing in the global market. On other hands, the emission of nitrous oxide and other chemicals creates a negative impact on the health status of the people living in society (Hirsch King, 2016). The company faces legal issues that affect their reputation and business function. The reputational losses affect the progress of the business operation in future time (Lee Vachon, 2016). For instance, ill reputation in front of the customers has led to reducing the ratio of sales margin in recent time. It also creates a negative impact on the partnership working done by the firm for offering high standards luxurious vehicles to the clients existing in the market. The compliance management system of Volkswagen has failed in arranging investigation program to identify the reasons behind the emission scandal (Baitz, 2015). The stock price of Volkswagen has also reduced by 40% in the time of pre-scandal situation. The company has faced market losses by $ 18 billion due to the emission scandal that creates a strong position on their current market position. Volkswagen confronts legal cases filed by rival firms and suppliers due to the illegal activities are done by them. Recruitment of law official in case of internal investigation of the emission scandal faced by the firm in current scenario (Goel, 2015). The higher authority of Volkswagen introduces legal agreement for dissolving the legal disputes with the authorities of US. The managers of the conglomerate also accept the idea of offering additional compensation for dissolving the disputes faced by them. However, the inclusion of legal agreement is effective for dissolving the civil litigation confronted by the United States. Different liability issues are visible in the legal agreement made by Volkswagen to deal with the opponents parties. Volkswagen has spent almost 7.0 billion for handling the legal disputes, and it influences their business operation in an adverse manner (Rhodes, 2016). The car manufacturing firm has also spent $ 1.2 billion in order to deal with the contingent liabilities. The inclusion of product recall system enables the firm to replace the affected engines with fresh items. Volkswagen faces certain legal risks that affect their reputation and business operation immensely. The positional loss influences the business process and sales function of the organization (Siano, Vollero, Conte, Amabile, 2017). It reduces the interest of other firms to deal with this firm due to the illegal issues confronted by them. For example, Volkswagens emission scandal affects the relation with rival corporations such as Toyota or Audi. The company also faces problems to gather capital for exploring the business function in the proper direction. The business partners of Volkswagen endeavors to understand whether the reputational harms confronted by Volkswagen also affects their business function. In the case of the visibility of harm caused to the third party, the enterprise fails to make any movement in the stock price rather than the legal liability that is expected (Brand, 2016). The cheating done by Volkswagen for clearing the emission test has increased the risks that can be faced in the business function. The decision of cheating has been taken by the management for reducing the operational cost up to $5 bn. The higher management level of Volkswagen expects to avoid the risk of getting exposed to the illegal activities performed by them. The managers of the firm bring allegation against the engineers for making illegal software in order to clear the emission test (Oldenkamp, van Zelm, Huijbregts, 2016). However, it is evident that the engineers of the firm might not be able to be involved in this activities in the abs ence of the support provided by the managers of Volkswagen. It triggers the importance of corporate governance in the emission scandal case confronted by the conglomerate. Reasons behind the failure of the compliance process followed in the company: The managers of risk-averse in Volkswagen fails to introduce internal investigation during the time of emission cheating. The involvement of high ratio of incentive scheme creates problems leads the managers to take effective decision for exploring the business operation in recent time (Barrett, et al., 2015). Here, high incentive schemes support in addressing the performance connected payments that are offered to the employees of an enterprise. The criteria of performance are related to the price of the stock market share. The case of Volkswagens emission scandal assists in understanding the fact that the presence of high powered of incentives is connected with the compliance challenges that are faced by the corporation. Despite the absence of shareholder value, the two-tier structure of board assists Volkswagen to manage their business operation successfully (Burki, 2015). The CEO of VW works on introducing pay packages for drawing the interest of employees in the office ambiance. Active participation of the staffs is effective for enhancing the ratio of productivity that influences the profit scale. Availability of wide range of products enables the firm to satisfy the changing requirements of service users existing in the market. However, the inclusion of performance awards has encouraged the employees to take various steps for retaining the growth of the business (Volkswagenag.com, 2017). The analysis of the corporate governance is beneficial understanding the difference between the cost of agency and externalities. Corporate governance lines the system that is observed for controlling the business performance of an organization. It defines the rules and regulations considered by the corporation to manage all the stakeholders and shareholders efficiently. The description of the corporate governance supports in addressing the concept of agency cost. The example of agency cost is the interest conflicts raised between managers and different shareholders existing in the corporation (Oxford Law Faculty, 2016). On the other hand, damages caused by the corporation to external things or environment can be considered as an externality. The structure of the corporation creates an impact on the agency cost and externality. For example, the two-tier structure of Volkswagen is effective for reducing the troubles between managers and shareholders. However, the structure followed in the enterprise is not beneficial for managing the problems faced in the externality (Crane Matten, 2016). The corporate endeavors to achieve business growth and pollute the environment in the process of doing the business expansion. In the case of Volkswagen, it is noticed that the managers have lacked in the perfect implementation n of the corporate governance in the c urrent business scenario. The incorporation of corporate governance is beneficial for enhancing the function of risk management system for retaining the growth of business operation. The inclusion of corporate governance is useful for fulfilling the interest of shareholders and stakeholders who are involved in the business function (Ferrell Fraedrich, 2015). The board of directors is considered as direct stakeholders who play a vital role in managing the corporate governance. The shareholders recruit these board of directors and members for taking an effective decision in the recent business situation. The engagement of bad governance can create problems for the business firm in case of achieving trust and loyalty of the shareholders and stakeholders. In the case of Volkswagen, it is noticed that the support of unscrupulous activities increases the scope of emission scandal confronted by the organization. The enterprise has faced issues in recruiting efficient auditors for managing the financial situations that have affected their business situation (Barrett, et al., 2015). The issues of corporate governance have affected the expansion of business operation considered by Volkswagen. The execution of negative compensation package creates a hindrance for managing optimal incentives in case of corporate officers. The management inaction theory is applicable for analyzing the emission scandal faced by Volkswagen in recent time (Dawson, Searle, Paterson, 2014). Lack of the involvement of corporate governance affects the compliance management system considered by the corporation. Failure in the compliance process leads the firm to confront the emission scandal that affects their business operation. Conclusion: In the present situation, it can be concluded that compliance management system plays a significant role in managing the business function of the corporation. The function of corporate governance assists in managing the compliance process that is observed by the enterprise. Corporate governance covers the issues that are related to the corporate social responsibility. Therefore, the engagement of corporate governance is beneficial for marinating the balance between business operation and environmental process. It also assists in incorporating the ethical issues that should be followed by the enterprise. In the recent case scenario of Volkswagen, it is noticed that the involvement of bad governance influences the managers to take illegal steps for dealing with the emission test. The engagement of poorly structured board creates a negative impact on the business function of the corporation. The shareholders also face issues in excluding unworthy incumbents who affect the progress of th e business operation. The presence of bad corporate of governance leads the officers to include compensation packages for resolving the emission issues faced in the current scenario. Their failure of introducing optimal incentive has created more troubles after the emission scandal. Despite the presence of compliance management system, the company has faced legal issues regarding the emission of Nitrous Oxide that creates a negative impact on the environment. The emission scandal has created a strong impact on the sales function of the corporation. It has also affected the joint ventures made by Volkswagen with other car manufacturing companies existing in the global market. The managers of Volkswagen also fails to retain the trust and loyalty of their staffs that influences their expansion of business immensely. The illegal activities of Volkswagen have also created an impact on their market reputation. These reputational losses have reduced the chances of business exploration by Volkswagen. It also affects the revenue sale of the firm that affects their business operation. The involvement of management inaction theory has also facilitated the chances of illegal activities performed by the corporation. The current study assists in addressing the issues of Volkswagen that affects their business function. Certain recommendations have also been provided to dissolve the issues of the firm. Recommendation: The involvement of good process of corporate governance might have been beneficial for managing the business operation of Volkswagen. It enables the corporation to follow the rules and regulations to manage the business operation effectively. The engagement of corporate governance is beneficial for maintaining heath professional relation among the shareholders and stakeholders existing in the office ambiance. The incorporation of the high level of corporate governance might enable the firm to offer high profit to the shareholders. The availability of corporate governance supports the shareholders to incorporate several principles regarding corporate citizenship. The involvement of the environmental awareness programs would also be beneficial for retaining the environment effectively. The engagement of ethical issues is also effective for managing the business function without violating the business norms and conditions. The involvement of the corporate governance would also be effect ive for modifying the business structure followed in then enterprise. It would assist the managers of Volkswagen to develop the internal business process in order to dissolve the business related problems confronted by them. Corporate governance also aids the corporation to improve the compliance management process considered by the firm. The inclusion of effective compliance process would support the enterprise to improve the business function. It would support the higher authority to derive proper service from the employees existing in the corporation. The improvement of the compliance process is effective for addressing the business risks that influences the business expansion in an adverse manner. Therefore, the company should focus on facilitating the risk management system for presenting the scandals confronted in recent time. The high-quality compliance management system would be beneficial for dealing with the external obligations confronted by the corporation. The inclusion of effective training sessions would also be beneficial for making the staffs aware of the ethical rules and regulations that should be followed by them in the office ambiance. It would assist the firm to improve the quality of service offered by the staffs in the office ambiance. The programmers of Volkswagen should be knowledgeable about the system that should be followed by them to develop the software programs. They should be conscious of the rules that are considered in the UK law regarding the manufacturing of different software system. Corporate governance would be beneficial for improving the compliance process of Volkswagen that influences their business function. References Baitz, M. (2015). From Projects to Processes to Implement Life Cycle Management in Business. London : Springer . Barrett, S. R., Speth, R. L., Eastham, S. D., Dedoussi, I. C., Ashok, A., Malina, R., Keith, D. W. (2015). Impact of the Volkswagen emissions control defeat device on US public health,. . Environmental Research Letters, 114005. Brand, C. (2016). 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Carbon Management in the Supply Network: Measurement and Reporting. . London : Palgrave Macmillan. Oldenkamp, R., van Zelm, R., Huijbregts, M. A. (2016). Valuing the human health damage caused by the fraud of Volkswagen. Environmental Pollution, 121-127. Oxford Law Faculty. (2016). Volkswagens Emissions Scandal: Lessons for Corporate Governance? (Part 1). Retrieved February 15, 2017, from Oxford Law Faculty: https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/business-law-blog/blog/2016/05/volkswagen%E2%80%99s-emissions-scandal-lessons-corporate-governance-part-1 Rhodes, C. (2016). Democratic Business Ethics: Volkswagens emissions scandal and the disruption of corporate sovereignty. Organization Studies,, 1501-1518. Sadgrove, K. (2016). The complete guide to business risk management. Abingdon : Routledge. Siano, A., Vollero, A., Conte, F., Amabile, S. (2017). ''More than words: Expanding the taxonomy of greenwashing after the Volkswagen scandal. Journal of Business Research, 27-37. Volkswagenag.com. (2017). 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